Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs - λ660 nm) on muscle function
Giaretta, Vania Maria de Araújo; Santos, Luiz Prudêncio; Barbosa, Ana Maria; Hyslop, Stephen; Corrado, Alexandre Pinto; Nicolau, Renata Amadei; Cogo, José Carlos
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.0736
Res. Biomed. Eng., vol.31, n3, p.241-248, 2015
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Views: 953
Abstract
Introduction: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is effective in preventing fatigue and in stimulating the microcirculation and cellular activity. In this study, we examined the effect of LLLT on injured tibial muscle in vivo by assessing muscle function during fatigue. Methods: Twenty-four male mice were used. Each mouse received an injection of sterile 0.9% saline solution (50 µL) in the right tibialis anterior muscle, after which the tendon of the muscle was exposed, connected to an isometric transducer and subjected to a resting tension of 1 g. A bipolar electrode was attached to the tibial nerve for electrical stimulation. The mice were randomly allocated to one of two groups: G1 (control: 3 h – n=8 and 9 h – n=5) and G2 (treated with GaAlAs laser, λ660 nm, 35 mW, 0.6 J, 17 s: 3 h – n=6 and 9 h – n=5). Results: In G1 mice, the amplitude of the tetanic contracture in response to induced fatigue remained unchanged during six consecutive tetani. The amplitude of the tetanic contractions in response to electrical stimulation (4-8 mV) was also unchanged. These results indicated muscle intactness in response to the load imposed by tetanus. In G2 mice, there was an increase in the amplitude of contraction after 3 h and 9 h when compared to G1 at 83% tetanus. Conclusion: These results indicate that exposure of muscle to LLLT enhanced the contractile force and increased the resistance to muscle fatigue without causing morphological damage to cellular structures.
Keywords
Low-level laser therapy, Muscle activity, Muscle fatigue, Tetanus.
References
Graduação; 2011; São José dos Campos, Brasil. São José dos Campos: UNIVAP; 2011. p. 1-5
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Sousa L, Soares AM, Zamuner SF, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 2010; 16(3):470-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992010000300014.
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimaraes-Souza L, Munin E, Fernandes CM, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of the low level laser therapy in the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2009; 27(4):591-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2296. PMid:19530909.
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Souza L, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory response induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon. 2008; 51(7):1236-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.007. PMid:18439641.
Barbosa-Souza V, Contin DK, Bonventi W Fo, Araújo AB, Irazusta SP, Cruz-Höfling MA. Osteopontin, a chemotactic protein with cytokine-like properties, is up-regulated in muscle injury caused by Bothrops lanceolatus (fer-de-lance) snake venom. Toxicon. 2011; 58(5):398-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.011. PMid:21839764.
Baroni BM, Leal EC Jr, De Marchi T, Lopes AL, Salvador M, Vaz MA. Low level laser therapy before eccentric exercise reduces muscle damage markers in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 110(4):789-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1562-z. PMid:20602109.
Caetano HRS, Zanuto EAC. Ação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade sobre parâmetros bioquímicos. Uma revisão de literatura. Colloquium Vitae. 2013; 5(Spec No):63-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cv.2013.v05.nesp.000202.
Doin-Silva R, Baranauskas V, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Cruz-Höfling MA. The ability of low level laser therapy to prevent muscle tissue damage induced by snake venom. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2009; 85(1):63-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00397.x. PMid:18643907.
Dourado DM, Favero S, Baranauskas V, Cruz-Höfling MA. Effects of the Ga-As laser irradiation on myonecrosis caused by Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2003; 33(5):352-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10237. PMid:14677163.
França FOS, Málaque CMS. Acidente botrópico. In: Cardoso JLC, França FOS, Wen FH, Málaque CMS, Haddad V Jr, editors. Animais peçonhentos no Brasil: biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos acidentes. São Paulo: Sarvier/FAPESP; 2009. p. 81-95.
Gutiérrez JM, Ownby CL. Skeletal muscle degeneration induced by venom phospholipases A2: insights into the mechanisms of local and systemic myotoxicity. Toxicon. 2003; 42(8):915-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.005. PMid:15019491.
Kelencz CA, Muñoz ISS, Amorim CF, Nicolau RA. Effect of low-power gallium-aluminum-arsenium noncoherent light (640 nm) on muscle activity: a clinical study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2010; 28(5):647-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2467. PMid:20961231.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Dalan F, Ferrari M, Sbabo FM, Generosi RA, Baroni BM, Penna SC, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of 655-nm low-level 49 laser therapy on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2008; 26(5):419-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2007.2160. PMid:18817474.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Baroni BM, Marchi T, Taufer D, Manfro DS, Rech M, Danna V, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM. Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes. Lasers in Medical Science. 2009a; 24(6):857-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-008-0633-4. PMid:19057981.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Rossi RP, Marchi T, Baroni BM, Godoi V, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM. Effect of cluster multi-diode light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and skeletal muscle recovery in humans. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2009b; 41(8):572-7. http://dx.Doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20810.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Almeida P, Ramos L, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAs 904 nm) in skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of muscle damage in rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010a; 108(6):1083-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1321-1. PMid:20024577.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Frigo L, Marchi T, Rossi RP, Godoi V, Tomazoni SS, Silva DP, Basso M, Lotti P Fo, Corsetti FV, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the development of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and changes in biochemical markers related to post-exercise recovery. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2010b; 40(8):524-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3294. PMid:20436237.
Leal ECP Jr, Nassar FR, Tomazoni SS, Bjordal J, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Laserterapia de baixa potência melhora o desempenho muscular mensurado por dinamometria isocinética em humanos. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa. 2010c; 17(4):317-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-29502010000400006.
Leal-Junior ECP, Almeida P, Tomazoni SS, Carvalho PT, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Frigo L, Joensen J, Johnson MI, Bjordal JM. Superpulsed low-level laser therapy protects skeletal muscle of mdx mice against damage, inflammation and morphological changes delaying dystrophy progression. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e89453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089453. PMid:24599021.
Liu XG, Zhou YJ, Liu TC, Yuan JQ. Effects of low-level laser irradiation on rat skeletal muscle injury after eccentric exercise. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2009; 27(6):863-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2443. PMid:19697999.
Lopes-Martins RÁB, Labat RL, Ramos L, Pallota RC, Penn SC, Bjordal JM. Novos paradigmas no processo inflamatório: possíveis mecanismos de ação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade e considerações sobre dosimetria. Jornal Brasileiro de Laser. 2007; 1(2):12-9.
Lopes-Martins RÁB, Marcos RL, Leonardo PS, Prianti AC Jr, Muscará MN, Aimbire F, Frigo L, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of low-level laser (Ga-Al-As 655 nm) on skeletal muscle fatigue induced by electrical stimulation in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 101(1):283-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01318.2005. PMid:16627677.
Maciel TS, Silva J, Jorge FS, Nicolau RA. A influência do laser 830 nm no desempenho do salto de atletas de voleibol feminino. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomédica. 2013; 29(2):199-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbeb.2013.020.
Nadur-Andrade N, Barbosa AM, Carlos FP, Lima CJ, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effects of photobiostimulation on edema and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops moojeni venom. Lasers in Medical Science. 2012; 27(1):65-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-0914-1. PMid:21484453.
Nadur-Andrade N, Dale CS, Santos AS, Soares AM, Lima CJ, Zamuner SR. Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2014; 13(11):1561-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4PP00111G. PMid:25232894.
Oron A, Oron U, Sadeh M. Low-level laser therapy during postnatal development modulates degeneration and enhances regeneration processes in the hindlimb muscles of dystrophic mice. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2014; 32(11):606-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2014.3757. PMid:25329504.
Place N, Yamada T, Bruton JD, Westerblad H. Muscle fatigue: from observations in humans to underlying mechanisms studied in intact single muscle fibres. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 110(1):1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1480-0. PMid:20419312.
Rocha MA, Barbanti VJ. Análise das ações de saltos de ataque, bloqueio e levantamento no voleibol feminino. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. 2007; 9(3):284-90.
Santos CM, Pereira ES, Rabelo NS, Zamuner SR, Barbosa AM, Cogo JC. Efeito do laser de baixa intensidade e LED na atividade hemorrágica induzida pelo veneno da serpente Bothrops jararaca. In: Anais do 14° Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e 10° Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação; 2010; São José dos Campos, Brasil. São José dos Campos: UNIVAP; 2010. p. 1-4.
Santos LA, Marcos RL, Tomazoni SS, Vanin AA, Antonialli FC, Grandinetti VS, Albuquerque-Pontes GM, Paiva PRV, Lopes-Martins RAB, Carvalho PTC, Bjordal JM, Leal-Junior ECP. Effects of pre-irradiation of low-level laser therapy with different doses and wavelengths in skeletal muscle performance, fatigue, and skeletal muscle damage induced by tetanic contractions in rats. Lasers in Medical Science. 2014; 29(5):1617-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-014-1560-1. PMid:24651950.
Silva AA, Leal-Junior ECP, D’Avila KA, Serra AJ, Albertini R, França CM, Nishida JA, Carvalho PT. Pre-exercise low-level laser therapy improves performance and levels of oxidative stress markers in mdx mice subjected to muscle fatigue by high-intensity exercise. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015; 30(6):1719-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1777-7. PMid:26076829.
Sussai DA, Carvalho PTC, Dourado DM, Belchior ACG, Reis FA, Pereira DM. Low-level laser therapy attenuates creatine kinase levels and apoptosis during forced swimming in rats. Lasers in Medical Science. 2010; 25(1):115-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-009-0697-9. PMid:19554361.
Warrell DA. Snakebites in Central and South America: epidemiology, clinical features and clinical management. In: Campbell JA, Lamar WW, editors. Venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca: Comstock Publishers/Cornell University Press; 2004. Vol. 2, p. 709-61.
Zhang J, Xing D, Xuejuan G. Low-power laser irradiation activates Src tyrosine kinase through reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathway. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2008; 217(2):518-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21529. PMid:18615581.
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Sousa L, Soares AM, Zamuner SF, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 2010; 16(3):470-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992010000300014.
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimaraes-Souza L, Munin E, Fernandes CM, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of the low level laser therapy in the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2009; 27(4):591-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2296. PMid:19530909.
Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Souza L, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory response induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon. 2008; 51(7):1236-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.007. PMid:18439641.
Barbosa-Souza V, Contin DK, Bonventi W Fo, Araújo AB, Irazusta SP, Cruz-Höfling MA. Osteopontin, a chemotactic protein with cytokine-like properties, is up-regulated in muscle injury caused by Bothrops lanceolatus (fer-de-lance) snake venom. Toxicon. 2011; 58(5):398-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.011. PMid:21839764.
Baroni BM, Leal EC Jr, De Marchi T, Lopes AL, Salvador M, Vaz MA. Low level laser therapy before eccentric exercise reduces muscle damage markers in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 110(4):789-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1562-z. PMid:20602109.
Caetano HRS, Zanuto EAC. Ação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade sobre parâmetros bioquímicos. Uma revisão de literatura. Colloquium Vitae. 2013; 5(Spec No):63-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cv.2013.v05.nesp.000202.
Doin-Silva R, Baranauskas V, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Cruz-Höfling MA. The ability of low level laser therapy to prevent muscle tissue damage induced by snake venom. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2009; 85(1):63-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00397.x. PMid:18643907.
Dourado DM, Favero S, Baranauskas V, Cruz-Höfling MA. Effects of the Ga-As laser irradiation on myonecrosis caused by Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2003; 33(5):352-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10237. PMid:14677163.
França FOS, Málaque CMS. Acidente botrópico. In: Cardoso JLC, França FOS, Wen FH, Málaque CMS, Haddad V Jr, editors. Animais peçonhentos no Brasil: biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos acidentes. São Paulo: Sarvier/FAPESP; 2009. p. 81-95.
Gutiérrez JM, Ownby CL. Skeletal muscle degeneration induced by venom phospholipases A2: insights into the mechanisms of local and systemic myotoxicity. Toxicon. 2003; 42(8):915-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.005. PMid:15019491.
Kelencz CA, Muñoz ISS, Amorim CF, Nicolau RA. Effect of low-power gallium-aluminum-arsenium noncoherent light (640 nm) on muscle activity: a clinical study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2010; 28(5):647-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2467. PMid:20961231.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Dalan F, Ferrari M, Sbabo FM, Generosi RA, Baroni BM, Penna SC, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of 655-nm low-level 49 laser therapy on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2008; 26(5):419-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2007.2160. PMid:18817474.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Baroni BM, Marchi T, Taufer D, Manfro DS, Rech M, Danna V, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM. Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes. Lasers in Medical Science. 2009a; 24(6):857-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-008-0633-4. PMid:19057981.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Rossi RP, Marchi T, Baroni BM, Godoi V, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM. Effect of cluster multi-diode light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and skeletal muscle recovery in humans. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2009b; 41(8):572-7. http://dx.Doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20810.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Almeida P, Ramos L, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAs 904 nm) in skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of muscle damage in rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010a; 108(6):1083-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1321-1. PMid:20024577.
Leal ECP Jr, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Frigo L, Marchi T, Rossi RP, Godoi V, Tomazoni SS, Silva DP, Basso M, Lotti P Fo, Corsetti FV, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the development of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and changes in biochemical markers related to post-exercise recovery. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2010b; 40(8):524-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3294. PMid:20436237.
Leal ECP Jr, Nassar FR, Tomazoni SS, Bjordal J, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Laserterapia de baixa potência melhora o desempenho muscular mensurado por dinamometria isocinética em humanos. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa. 2010c; 17(4):317-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-29502010000400006.
Leal-Junior ECP, Almeida P, Tomazoni SS, Carvalho PT, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Frigo L, Joensen J, Johnson MI, Bjordal JM. Superpulsed low-level laser therapy protects skeletal muscle of mdx mice against damage, inflammation and morphological changes delaying dystrophy progression. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e89453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089453. PMid:24599021.
Liu XG, Zhou YJ, Liu TC, Yuan JQ. Effects of low-level laser irradiation on rat skeletal muscle injury after eccentric exercise. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2009; 27(6):863-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2443. PMid:19697999.
Lopes-Martins RÁB, Labat RL, Ramos L, Pallota RC, Penn SC, Bjordal JM. Novos paradigmas no processo inflamatório: possíveis mecanismos de ação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade e considerações sobre dosimetria. Jornal Brasileiro de Laser. 2007; 1(2):12-9.
Lopes-Martins RÁB, Marcos RL, Leonardo PS, Prianti AC Jr, Muscará MN, Aimbire F, Frigo L, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM. Effect of low-level laser (Ga-Al-As 655 nm) on skeletal muscle fatigue induced by electrical stimulation in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 101(1):283-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01318.2005. PMid:16627677.
Maciel TS, Silva J, Jorge FS, Nicolau RA. A influência do laser 830 nm no desempenho do salto de atletas de voleibol feminino. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomédica. 2013; 29(2):199-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbeb.2013.020.
Nadur-Andrade N, Barbosa AM, Carlos FP, Lima CJ, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effects of photobiostimulation on edema and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops moojeni venom. Lasers in Medical Science. 2012; 27(1):65-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-0914-1. PMid:21484453.
Nadur-Andrade N, Dale CS, Santos AS, Soares AM, Lima CJ, Zamuner SR. Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2014; 13(11):1561-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4PP00111G. PMid:25232894.
Oron A, Oron U, Sadeh M. Low-level laser therapy during postnatal development modulates degeneration and enhances regeneration processes in the hindlimb muscles of dystrophic mice. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2014; 32(11):606-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2014.3757. PMid:25329504.
Place N, Yamada T, Bruton JD, Westerblad H. Muscle fatigue: from observations in humans to underlying mechanisms studied in intact single muscle fibres. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 110(1):1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1480-0. PMid:20419312.
Rocha MA, Barbanti VJ. Análise das ações de saltos de ataque, bloqueio e levantamento no voleibol feminino. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. 2007; 9(3):284-90.
Santos CM, Pereira ES, Rabelo NS, Zamuner SR, Barbosa AM, Cogo JC. Efeito do laser de baixa intensidade e LED na atividade hemorrágica induzida pelo veneno da serpente Bothrops jararaca. In: Anais do 14° Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e 10° Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação; 2010; São José dos Campos, Brasil. São José dos Campos: UNIVAP; 2010. p. 1-4.
Santos LA, Marcos RL, Tomazoni SS, Vanin AA, Antonialli FC, Grandinetti VS, Albuquerque-Pontes GM, Paiva PRV, Lopes-Martins RAB, Carvalho PTC, Bjordal JM, Leal-Junior ECP. Effects of pre-irradiation of low-level laser therapy with different doses and wavelengths in skeletal muscle performance, fatigue, and skeletal muscle damage induced by tetanic contractions in rats. Lasers in Medical Science. 2014; 29(5):1617-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-014-1560-1. PMid:24651950.
Silva AA, Leal-Junior ECP, D’Avila KA, Serra AJ, Albertini R, França CM, Nishida JA, Carvalho PT. Pre-exercise low-level laser therapy improves performance and levels of oxidative stress markers in mdx mice subjected to muscle fatigue by high-intensity exercise. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015; 30(6):1719-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1777-7. PMid:26076829.
Sussai DA, Carvalho PTC, Dourado DM, Belchior ACG, Reis FA, Pereira DM. Low-level laser therapy attenuates creatine kinase levels and apoptosis during forced swimming in rats. Lasers in Medical Science. 2010; 25(1):115-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-009-0697-9. PMid:19554361.
Warrell DA. Snakebites in Central and South America: epidemiology, clinical features and clinical management. In: Campbell JA, Lamar WW, editors. Venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca: Comstock Publishers/Cornell University Press; 2004. Vol. 2, p. 709-61.
Zhang J, Xing D, Xuejuan G. Low-power laser irradiation activates Src tyrosine kinase through reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathway. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2008; 217(2):518-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21529. PMid:18615581.
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