Testing electrode suitability for field stimulation of high-threshold biological preparations
Milan, Hugo Fernando Maia; Bassani, Rosana Almada; Bassani, José Wilson Magalhães
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.0718
Res. Biomed. Eng., vol.31, n3, p.273-276, 2015
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Abstract
Introduction: A problem posed by electrical field (E) stimulation of biological preparations with high excitation threshold is that the E intensity required for excitation is likely to induce water electrolysis at the electrode surface, which can alter the extracellular medium and cause deleterious effects on the cells. In this study, different electrode materials and geometries were tested aiming at identifying electrode configurations that could transduce the E intensity required for exciting ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats (threshold E ~30 V/cm) without causing water electrolysis. Methods: Wire and plate electrodes made of platinum, stainless steel and nickel/chrome alloy were used. The effect of blasting the electrode surface with sand and NaHCO3 solution was also tested. Electrodes were inserted into a cell perfusion chamber containing the saline solution routinely used for physiological experiments. During E application for 5 min, the electrode surface and its surroundings were examined at high magnification for the presence of microbubbles, which indicates the occurrence of water electrolysis. The greatest E intensity applied that failed to generate microbubbles (En) was estimated. Results: While nickel/chrome and stainless steel electrodes resulted in low En values, the best performance was observed for sandblasted platinum wire (2 mm diameter) and plate (25 mm x 5 mm; 0.1 mm thickness) electrodes, for which En was ≥40 V/cm. Conclusion: These electrode configurations are suitable for effective and safe stimulation of isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes.
Keywords
Electrodes, Field stimulation, Isolated neonatal cardiomyocyte, Water electrolysis.
References
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Oliveira PX, Bassani RA, Bassani JW. Lethal effect of electric fields on isolated ventricular myocytes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2008; 55(11):2635-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001135. PMid:18990634.
Ricardo RA, Oliveira PX, Bassani RA, Bassani JWM. Compact cell image projector: application to study the relationship between stimulus interval and contraction amplitude in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomédica. 2006; 22:151-60.
Zafalon N Jr, Oshiyama NF, Bassani JWM, Bassani RA. Muscarinic stimulation and pinacidil produce similar facilitation of tachyarrhythmia induction in rat isolated atria. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2013; 65:120-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.004. PMid:24140800.
Cogan SF. Neural stimulation and recording electrodes. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 2008; 10(1):275-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518. PMid:18429704.
Donaldson NN, Donaldson PEK. When are actively balanced biphasic (‘Lilly’) stimulating pulses necessary in neurological prosthesis? II. pH changes; noxious products; electrode corrosion. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 1986; 24(1):50-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441605. PMid:3959610.
Feltham AM, Spiro M. Platinized platinum electrode. Chemical Reviews. 1971; 71(2):177-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr60270a002.
Fonseca AVS, Bassani RA, Oliveira PX, Bassani JWM. Greater cardiac cell excitation efficiency with rapidly switching multidirectional electrical stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2013; 60(1):28-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2012.2220766. PMid:23033428.
Gomes PAP, Bassani RA, Bassani JWM. Electric field stimulation of cardiac myocytes during postnatal development. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2001; 48(6):630-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.923781. PMid:11396593.
Gomes PAP, Galvão KM, Mateus EF. Excitability of isolated hearts from rats during postnatal development. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2002; 13(4):355-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00355.x. PMid:12033352.
Goulart JT, Oliveira PX, Bassani JWM, Bassani RA. The influence of cell dimensions on the vulnerability of ventricular myocytes to lethal injury by high-intensity electrical fields. Brazilian Journal of Biomedical Engineering. 2012; 28:337-45.
Maswiwat K, Wachner D, Gimsa J. Effects of cell orientation and electric field frequency on the transmembrane potential induced in ellipsoidal cells. Bioelectrochemistry. 2008; 74(1):130-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.06.001. PMid:18621589.
Merrill DR. The electrode: materials and configurations. In: Arle J, Shils J, editors. Essential neuromodulation. London: Academic Press; 2011. p. 109-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381409-8.00006-1.
Oliveira PX, Bassani RA, Bassani JW. Lethal effect of electric fields on isolated ventricular myocytes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2008; 55(11):2635-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2001135. PMid:18990634.
Ricardo RA, Oliveira PX, Bassani RA, Bassani JWM. Compact cell image projector: application to study the relationship between stimulus interval and contraction amplitude in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomédica. 2006; 22:151-60.
Zafalon N Jr, Oshiyama NF, Bassani JWM, Bassani RA. Muscarinic stimulation and pinacidil produce similar facilitation of tachyarrhythmia induction in rat isolated atria. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2013; 65:120-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.004. PMid:24140800.
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