Investigating cardiolocomotor synchronization during running in trained and untrained males
Materko, Wollner; Nadal, Jurandir; Sá, Antonio Mauricio F. L. Miranda de
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.0623
Res. Biomed. Eng., vol.31, n2, p.176-186, 2015
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Abstract
Introduction: This study aims at investigating the coupling of the cardiac and locomotor systems during running in trained and untrained males. Methods: Sixteen healthy young males subjects were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation, followed by a treadmill test at 70% to 75% of heart rate reserve. Based on the average velocity, they were divided into two groups of eight, trained group (TG) and untrained group (UT). The electrocardiogram and the electromyogram of the vastus lateralis muscle of the right thigh were digitized at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz, and processed off-line. Each cardiac and electromyographic cycle was detected to further investigate the coupling between cardiac and running rates in time domain, using the cross-correlation, and in the frequency domain, using a phase synchronization measure based on the Hilbert transform. A Shannon entropy index and magnitude squared coherence were also applied to improve analysis. Results: Both groups presented low cross-correlation (0.18 ± 0.07 TG and 0.15 ± 0.08 UG) values between these signals, and only four from 16 subjects presented short epochs of phase synchronization (4.1 ± 8.6% TG and 3.2 ± 7.3% UG) between signals, occurring at a low frequency band and random phase differences. The low to moderate coherence (0.67 ± 0.16 TG and 0.64 ± 0.16 UG) observed at 0.1 Hz appears to be an effect of the simultaneous action of sympathetic system over both cardiac and muscular rhythms. Conclusion: The combined results suggest that the chosen exercise protocol was not able to cause cardiolocomotor synchronization.
Keywords
Coupling, Cardiolocomotor, Coherence, Running, Synchronization.
References
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Blain G, Meste O, Blain A, Bermon S. Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability reveals cardiolocomotor coupling during dynamic cycling exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2009; 296(5):H1651-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpheart.00881.2008. PMid:19252094.
Bračič Lotrič M, Stefanovska A. Synchronization and modulation in the human cardio-respiratory system. Physica A. 2000; 283(3-4):451-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 4371(00)00204-1.
BuSha BF. Exercise modulation of cardiorespiratory variability in humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2010; 172(1-2):72-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.002. PMid:20452468.
Funk GD, Valenzuela IS, Sholomenko GN, et al. Effects of changes in locomotor intensity, hypoxia and hypercapnia on locomotor-respiratory synchrony during walking/running in Canada Geese. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1989; 147:343-60.
Glass L. Synchronization and rhythmic processes in physiology. Nature. 2001; 410(6825):277-84. http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/35065745. PMid:11258383.
Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C, Hägg G. SENIAM 8: European 182 Recommendations for Surface Electromyograph. Enschede: Roessingh Research and Development; 1999.
Inbar O, Oren A, Scheinowitz M, Rotstein A, Dlin R, Casaburi R. Normal cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise in 20- to 70-yr-old men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994; 26(5):538-46. PMid:8007799.
Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. 1978; 40(3):497-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN19780152. PMid:718832.
Johnson RW, Shore JE. Which is the better entropy expression for speech processing: -S logS or logS? IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing ASSP-32, 1984 Mar 19-21; San Diego, CA. San Diego: IEEE; 1984. p.129-37.
Kaiser JF. On a simple algorithm to calculate the energy of a signal. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1990 Apr 3-6; Albuquerque, NM. Albuquerque: IEEE; 1990. p. 381-4.
Karavaev AS, Prokhorov MD, Ponomarenko VI, Kiselev AR, Gridnev VI, Ruban EI, Bezruchko BP. Synchronization of low-frequency oscillations in the human cardiovascular system. Chaos. 2009;19(033112):1-7.
Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae. 1957; 35(3):307-15. PMid:13470504.
Kenwright DA, Bahraminasab A, Stefanovska A, McClintock PVE. The effect of low-frequency oscillations on cardio- respiratory synchronization. The European Physical Journal B. 2008; 65(3):425-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/ e2008-00199-4. PMid:21369347.
Kirby RL, Nugent ST, Marlow RW, MacLeod DA, Marble AE. Coupling of cardiac and locomotor rhythms. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985). 1989; 66(1):323-9. PMid:2917937.
Kohl P, Hunter P, Noble D. Stretch-induced changes in heart rate and rhythm: clinical observations, experiments and mathematical models. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 1999; 71(1):91-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0079-6107(98)00038-8. PMid:10070213.
Legramante JM, Raimondi G, Adreani CM, Sacco S, Iellamo F, Peruzzi G, Kaufman MP. Group III muscle afferents evoke reflex depressor responses to repetitive muscle contractions in rabbits. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000; 278(3):H871-7. PMid:10710356.
Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation. 1991; 84(2):482-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01. CIR.84.2.482. PMid:1860193.
Martinmäki K, Rusko H, Kooistra L, Kettunen J, Saalasti S. Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006; 290(2):H640-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2005. PMid:16172170.
McDermott WJ, Van Emmerik REA, Hamill J. Running training and adaptive strategies of locomotor-respiratory coordination. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 89(5):435-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003- 0831-5. PMid:12712351.
McWilliam PN, Yang T. Inhibition of cardiac vagal component of baroreflex by group III and IV afferents. The American Journal of Physiology. 1991; 260(3 Pt 2):H730-4. PMid:2000968.
Mello RG, Oliveira LF, Nadal J. Digital Butterworth filter for subtracting noise from low magnitude surface electromyogram. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2007; 87(1):28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cmpb.2007.04.004. PMid:17548125.
Misra KP. A primer of ECG. A simple and deductive approach. 2nd. ed. Hyderabad: Hyderabad Universities Press; 2010.
Niizeki K. Intramuscular pressure-induced inhibition of cardiac contraction: implications for cardiac-locomotor synchronization. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005; 288(3):R645-50. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2004. PMid:15528394.
Niizeki K, Kawahara K, Miyamoto Y. Interaction among cardiac, respiratory and locomotor rhythms during cardiolocomotor synchronization. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993; 75:1815-1821.
Nomura K, Takei Y, Yanagida Y. Comparison of cardio- locomotor synchronization during running and cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 89(3- 4):221-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0784-0. PMid:12736829.
Nomura K, Takei Y, Yoshida M, Yanagida Y. Phase-dependent chronotropic response of the heart during running in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 97(2):240-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0103-7. PMid:16506062.
O’Halloran J, Hamill J, McDermott WJ, Remelius JG, Van Emmerik RE. Locomotor-respiratory coupling patterns and oxygen consumption during walking above and below preferred stride frequency. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012; 112(3):929-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s00421-011-2040-y. PMid:21701846.
Patel KP, Zheng H. Central neural control of sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure following exercise training. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2012; 302(3):H527-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpheart.00676.2011. PMid:22101524.
Pikovsky A, Rosenblum M, Kurths J. Phase synchronization in regular and chaotic systems. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering. 2000; 10(10):2291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0218127400001481.
Pino AV, Kagami LT, Jandre FC, Giannella-neto A. DAS – a program acquisition and signal processing for pulmonary engineering. Proceedings of the III CLAEB, 2004 Sep 22-25; João Pessoa. João Pessoa: IFMBE; 2004. p. 765-8.
Robergs RA, Landwehr R. The surprising history of the “HRmax=220-age” equation. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online / American Society of Exercise Physiologists. 2002; 5:1-10.
Rosenblum MG, Pikovsky AS, Kurths J. Synchronization approach to analysis of biological systems. Fluctuation and Noise Letters. 2004; 4(01):L53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0219477504001653.
Santos EL, Lopes TC, Jandre FC, Giannella-Neto A. Assessment of cardiorespiratory coupling during moderate exercise. American Thoracic Society International Conference, 2010 May 14-19; New Orleans. New Orleans: ATS; 2010. p. A5331.
Schäfer C, Rosenblum MG, Kurths J, Abel HH. Heartbeat synchronized with ventilation. Nature. 1998; 392(6673):239- 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/32567. PMid:9521318.
Schlindwein FS, Yi AC, Eduards T, Bien ICH. Optimal frequency and bandwidth for FIR bandpass filter for QRS detection. IET 3rd International Conference on Advances in Medical, Signal and Information Processing (MEDSIP), 2006 July 17-19; Glasgow, Scotland. Glasgow: IET; 2006. p. 1-4.
Siri WE. Body composition from fluids spaces and density: analyses of methods. In: Brozek J, Hanschel A, editors. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington: National Academy of Science and Natural Resource Council; 1961.
Tass P, Rosenblum MG, Weule M, Kurths J, Pikovsky AS, Volkmann J, Schnitzler A, Freund H-J. Detection of n:m phase locking from noisy data: Application to magnetoencephalography. Physical Review Letters. 1998; 81(15):3291-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3291.
Thakor NV, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ. Estimation of QRS complex power spectra for design of a QRS filter. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 1984; 31(11):702-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1984.325393. PMid:6500590.
Victor RG, Secher NH, Lyson T, Mitchell JH. Central command increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity during intense intermittent isometric exercise in humans. Circulation Research. 1995; 76(1):127-31. http://dx.doi. org/10.1161/01.RES.76.1.127. PMid:8001270.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Excercise physiology in health and disease. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1975; 112(2):219-49. PMid:239617.
Whipp BJ, Ward SA. Cardiopulmonary coupling during exercise. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1982; 100:175-93. PMid:6816892.
Bernasconi P, Kohl J. Analysis of co-ordination between breathing and exercise rhythms in man. The Journal of Physiology. 1993; 471(1):693-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ jphysiol.1993.sp019923. PMid:8120830.
Blain G, Meste O, Blain A, Bermon S. Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability reveals cardiolocomotor coupling during dynamic cycling exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2009; 296(5):H1651-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpheart.00881.2008. PMid:19252094.
Bračič Lotrič M, Stefanovska A. Synchronization and modulation in the human cardio-respiratory system. Physica A. 2000; 283(3-4):451-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 4371(00)00204-1.
BuSha BF. Exercise modulation of cardiorespiratory variability in humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2010; 172(1-2):72-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.002. PMid:20452468.
Funk GD, Valenzuela IS, Sholomenko GN, et al. Effects of changes in locomotor intensity, hypoxia and hypercapnia on locomotor-respiratory synchrony during walking/running in Canada Geese. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1989; 147:343-60.
Glass L. Synchronization and rhythmic processes in physiology. Nature. 2001; 410(6825):277-84. http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/35065745. PMid:11258383.
Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C, Hägg G. SENIAM 8: European 182 Recommendations for Surface Electromyograph. Enschede: Roessingh Research and Development; 1999.
Inbar O, Oren A, Scheinowitz M, Rotstein A, Dlin R, Casaburi R. Normal cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise in 20- to 70-yr-old men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994; 26(5):538-46. PMid:8007799.
Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. 1978; 40(3):497-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN19780152. PMid:718832.
Johnson RW, Shore JE. Which is the better entropy expression for speech processing: -S logS or logS? IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing ASSP-32, 1984 Mar 19-21; San Diego, CA. San Diego: IEEE; 1984. p.129-37.
Kaiser JF. On a simple algorithm to calculate the energy of a signal. International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1990 Apr 3-6; Albuquerque, NM. Albuquerque: IEEE; 1990. p. 381-4.
Karavaev AS, Prokhorov MD, Ponomarenko VI, Kiselev AR, Gridnev VI, Ruban EI, Bezruchko BP. Synchronization of low-frequency oscillations in the human cardiovascular system. Chaos. 2009;19(033112):1-7.
Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae. 1957; 35(3):307-15. PMid:13470504.
Kenwright DA, Bahraminasab A, Stefanovska A, McClintock PVE. The effect of low-frequency oscillations on cardio- respiratory synchronization. The European Physical Journal B. 2008; 65(3):425-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/ e2008-00199-4. PMid:21369347.
Kirby RL, Nugent ST, Marlow RW, MacLeod DA, Marble AE. Coupling of cardiac and locomotor rhythms. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985). 1989; 66(1):323-9. PMid:2917937.
Kohl P, Hunter P, Noble D. Stretch-induced changes in heart rate and rhythm: clinical observations, experiments and mathematical models. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 1999; 71(1):91-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0079-6107(98)00038-8. PMid:10070213.
Legramante JM, Raimondi G, Adreani CM, Sacco S, Iellamo F, Peruzzi G, Kaufman MP. Group III muscle afferents evoke reflex depressor responses to repetitive muscle contractions in rabbits. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000; 278(3):H871-7. PMid:10710356.
Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation. 1991; 84(2):482-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01. CIR.84.2.482. PMid:1860193.
Martinmäki K, Rusko H, Kooistra L, Kettunen J, Saalasti S. Intraindividual validation of heart rate variability indexes to measure vagal effects on hearts. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006; 290(2):H640-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2005. PMid:16172170.
McDermott WJ, Van Emmerik REA, Hamill J. Running training and adaptive strategies of locomotor-respiratory coordination. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 89(5):435-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003- 0831-5. PMid:12712351.
McWilliam PN, Yang T. Inhibition of cardiac vagal component of baroreflex by group III and IV afferents. The American Journal of Physiology. 1991; 260(3 Pt 2):H730-4. PMid:2000968.
Mello RG, Oliveira LF, Nadal J. Digital Butterworth filter for subtracting noise from low magnitude surface electromyogram. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2007; 87(1):28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cmpb.2007.04.004. PMid:17548125.
Misra KP. A primer of ECG. A simple and deductive approach. 2nd. ed. Hyderabad: Hyderabad Universities Press; 2010.
Niizeki K. Intramuscular pressure-induced inhibition of cardiac contraction: implications for cardiac-locomotor synchronization. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005; 288(3):R645-50. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2004. PMid:15528394.
Niizeki K, Kawahara K, Miyamoto Y. Interaction among cardiac, respiratory and locomotor rhythms during cardiolocomotor synchronization. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993; 75:1815-1821.
Nomura K, Takei Y, Yanagida Y. Comparison of cardio- locomotor synchronization during running and cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 89(3- 4):221-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0784-0. PMid:12736829.
Nomura K, Takei Y, Yoshida M, Yanagida Y. Phase-dependent chronotropic response of the heart during running in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 97(2):240-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0103-7. PMid:16506062.
O’Halloran J, Hamill J, McDermott WJ, Remelius JG, Van Emmerik RE. Locomotor-respiratory coupling patterns and oxygen consumption during walking above and below preferred stride frequency. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012; 112(3):929-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s00421-011-2040-y. PMid:21701846.
Patel KP, Zheng H. Central neural control of sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure following exercise training. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2012; 302(3):H527-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpheart.00676.2011. PMid:22101524.
Pikovsky A, Rosenblum M, Kurths J. Phase synchronization in regular and chaotic systems. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering. 2000; 10(10):2291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0218127400001481.
Pino AV, Kagami LT, Jandre FC, Giannella-neto A. DAS – a program acquisition and signal processing for pulmonary engineering. Proceedings of the III CLAEB, 2004 Sep 22-25; João Pessoa. João Pessoa: IFMBE; 2004. p. 765-8.
Robergs RA, Landwehr R. The surprising history of the “HRmax=220-age” equation. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online / American Society of Exercise Physiologists. 2002; 5:1-10.
Rosenblum MG, Pikovsky AS, Kurths J. Synchronization approach to analysis of biological systems. Fluctuation and Noise Letters. 2004; 4(01):L53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0219477504001653.
Santos EL, Lopes TC, Jandre FC, Giannella-Neto A. Assessment of cardiorespiratory coupling during moderate exercise. American Thoracic Society International Conference, 2010 May 14-19; New Orleans. New Orleans: ATS; 2010. p. A5331.
Schäfer C, Rosenblum MG, Kurths J, Abel HH. Heartbeat synchronized with ventilation. Nature. 1998; 392(6673):239- 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/32567. PMid:9521318.
Schlindwein FS, Yi AC, Eduards T, Bien ICH. Optimal frequency and bandwidth for FIR bandpass filter for QRS detection. IET 3rd International Conference on Advances in Medical, Signal and Information Processing (MEDSIP), 2006 July 17-19; Glasgow, Scotland. Glasgow: IET; 2006. p. 1-4.
Siri WE. Body composition from fluids spaces and density: analyses of methods. In: Brozek J, Hanschel A, editors. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington: National Academy of Science and Natural Resource Council; 1961.
Tass P, Rosenblum MG, Weule M, Kurths J, Pikovsky AS, Volkmann J, Schnitzler A, Freund H-J. Detection of n:m phase locking from noisy data: Application to magnetoencephalography. Physical Review Letters. 1998; 81(15):3291-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3291.
Thakor NV, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ. Estimation of QRS complex power spectra for design of a QRS filter. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 1984; 31(11):702-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1984.325393. PMid:6500590.
Victor RG, Secher NH, Lyson T, Mitchell JH. Central command increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity during intense intermittent isometric exercise in humans. Circulation Research. 1995; 76(1):127-31. http://dx.doi. org/10.1161/01.RES.76.1.127. PMid:8001270.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Excercise physiology in health and disease. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1975; 112(2):219-49. PMid:239617.
Whipp BJ, Ward SA. Cardiopulmonary coupling during exercise. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1982; 100:175-93. PMid:6816892.
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