A digital approach for design and fabrication by rapid prototyping of orthosis for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Munhoz, Rodrigo; Moraes, Cícero André da Costa; Tanaka, Harki; Kunkel, Maria Elizete
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.00316
Res. Biomed. Eng., vol.32, n1, p.63-73, 2016
Downloads: 0
Views: 848
Abstract
Introduction: Immobilization in a hip spica cast is required in surgical and nonsurgical treatments for children aged three months to four years diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Skin complications are associated with the use of the spica cast in 30% of the cases. This research explores the use of photogrammetry and rapid prototyping for the production of a lighter, shower friendly and hygienic hip orthosis that could replace the hip spica cast.
Methods: Digitalized data of a plastic dool was used for design and fabrication of a customised hip orthosis following four steps: 1) Digitalization of the external anatomical structure by photogrammetry using a smartphone and open source software; 2) Idealization and 3D modeling of the hip orthosis; 3) Rapid prototyping of a low cost orthosis in polymer polylact acid; 4) Evaluation tests.
Results: Photogrammetry provided a good 3D reconstruction of the dool's hip and legs. The manufacture method to produce the hip orthosis was accurate in fitting the hip orthosis to the contours of the doll. The orthosis could be easily placed on the doll ensuring mechanical strength to immobilize the region of the hip.
Conclusion: A new approach and the feasibility of both techniques for hip orthosis fabrication were described. It represents an exciting advance for the development of hip orthosis that could be used in orthopedics. To test the effectiveness of this orthosis for developmental dysplasia of the hip treatment in newborns, material and mechanical tests, design optimization and physical tests with patients should be carried.
Keywords
Developmental dysplasia of the hip, Orthosis, Rapid prototyping.
References
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Biomecanica e Forense UNIFESP. 3D printing: orthosis for developmental dyplasia of hip [internet]. 2015. [cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: https://youtu.be/EZMblbd7ePM.
Brncick M. Computer automated design and computer automated manufacture. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America. 2000; 1(3):701-13. PMid:10989487.
Ciobanu O, Ciobanu G, Rotariu M. Photogrammetric scanning technique and rapid prototyping used for prostheses and ortheses fabrication. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013a; 371:230-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.371.230.
Ciobanu O, Rotariu M. Photogrammetric scanning and applications in medicine. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 657:579-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.657.579.
Ciobanu O, Xu W, Ciobanu G. The use of 3D scanning and rapid prototyping in medical engineering. Fiability & Durability. 2013b; 1:241-7.
Daines SB, Aronsson DD, Beynnon BD, Sturnick DR, Lisle JW, Naud S. What is the best material for molding casts in children? Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2014; 34(7):743-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000178. PMid:24590347.
DeMaio M, McHale K, Lenhart M, Garland J, McIlvaine C, Rhode M. Plaster: our orthopaedic heritage. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2012; 94(20):e152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00183. PMid:23079886.
Demir SG, Erden S, Bulut H, Carboga B, Elbas NO. The problems experienced by parents providing postoperative home care following their child's surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthopaedic Nursing. 2015; 34(5):280-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000178. PMid:26375837
Dezateux C, Brown J, Arthur R, Karnon J, Parnaby A. Performance, treatment pathways, and effects of alternative policy options for screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in the United Kingdom. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003; 88(9):753-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.9.753. PMid:12937091.
DiFazio R, Vessey J, Zurakowski D, Hresko MT, Matheney T. Incidence of skin complications and associated charges in children treated with hip spica casts for femur fractures. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2011; 31(1):17-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182032075. PMid:21150727.
Dyskin E, Ferrick M. Semirigid abduction bracing is effective treatment of reducible developmental dysplastic hips after failure of Pavlik harness. Annals of Orthopedics & Rheumatology. 2015; 3(2):1045.
Ferreira JV, Thomson JD. Socioeconomic Implications of Spica Casting. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2012; 94(14):e107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00500. PMid:22695991.
Furukawa Y, Ponce J. Accurate camera calibration from multi-view stereo and bundle adjustment. International Journal of Computer Vision. 2009; 84(3):257-268.
Giannatsis J, Dedoussis V. Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2009; 40(1-2):116-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1308-1.
Guarniero R. Displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril: atualização. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2010; 45(2):116-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-36162010000200002.
Halanski M, Noonan KJ. Cast and splint immobilization: complications. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008; 16(1):30-40. PMid:18180390.
Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J. Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003; 23(2):175-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-200303000-00008. PMid:12604946.
Ibrahim DA, Skaggs DL, Choi PD. Abduction Bracing After Pavlik Harness Failure: An Effective Alternative to Closed Reduction and Spica Casting? Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2013; 33(5):536-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e31827d7e2a. PMid:23752152.
Igathinathane C, Davis JD, Purswell JL, Columbus EP. Application of 3D scanned imaging methodology for volume, surface area, and envelope density evaluation of densified biomass. Bioresource Technology. 2010; 101(11):4220-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.140. PMid:20137915.
Jumani MS, Shakil S, Sadiq AS. Fused deposition modelling technique (FDM) for fabrication of custom-made foot orthoses: a cost and benefit analysis. Scientific International (Lahore). 2014; 26(5):2571-6.
Majumdar R, Laxton P, Thuesen A, Nester C, Richards B. Design, development and biomechanical evaluation of a prefabricated anti pronation foot orthosis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2012; 5(Suppl 1):S22-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P22.
Mavroidis C, Ranky RG, Sivak ML, Patritti BL, DiPisa J, Caddle A, Gilhooly K, Govoni L, Sivak S, Lancia M, Drillio R, Bonato P. Patient specific ankle-foot orthoses using rapid prototyping. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2011; 8(1):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-8-1. PMid:21226898.
Milusheva SM, Tosheva EY, Hieu LC, Kouzmanov LV, Zlatov N, Toshev YE. Personalised ankle-foot orthoses design based on reverse engineering. In: Pham DT, Eldukhri EE, Soroka AJ, editors. Proceedings of the 5th Virtual International Conference on Intelligent Production Machines and Systems; 2006 June 10; Sakarya, Turkey. Oxford: Elsevier; 2006. p. 12-14.
Moghaddam MB, Brown TM, Clausen A, Silva T, Ho E, Forrest CR. Outcome analysis after helmet therapy using 3D photogrammetry in patients with deformational plagiocephaly: the role of root mean square. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery; JPRAS. 2014; 67(2):159-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.09.036. PMid:24411583.
Mulpuri K, Song KM, Goldberg MJ, Sevarino K. Detection and nonoperative management of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants up to six months of age. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2015; 23(3):202-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00006. PMid:25656273.
Munhoz R, Moraes CAC, Kunkel ME, Tanaka H. Modelamento tridimensional de órtese para displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril por fotogrametria. In: Proceedings of the XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Biomédica; 2014 Oct 13-17; Uberlândia, Brazil. Uberlândia: CBEB; 2014. p. 1601-4.
Munhoz R, Santos BM, Moraes CAC, Tanaka H, Kunkel ME. Low cost fabrication of orthoses for children's hip through 3D photogrammetry and rapid prototyping. In: Proceedings of the XVI Brazilian Congress of Biomechanics; 2015 May 06-09; Florianópolis, Brazil. Florianópolis: CBB; 2015. p. 1-3.
Noordin S, Umer M, Hafeez K, Nawaz H. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthopedic Reviews. 2010; 2(2):73-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2010.e19. PMid:21808709.
Palousek D, Rosicky J, Koutny D, Stoklasek P, Navrat T. Pilot study of the wrist orthosis design process. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2014; 20(1):27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2012-0027.
Patar A, Jamlus N, Makhtar K, Mahmud J, Komeda T. Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 41:1432-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.332.
Paterson A. Digitisation of the splinting process: exploration and evaluation of a computer aided design approach to support additive manufacture [thesis]. Leicestershire: Loughborough University; 2013.
Paterson AM, Bibb R, Campbell RI, Bingham G. Comparing additive manufacturing technologies for customised wrist splints. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2015; 21(3):230-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-10-2013-0099.
Paterson AM, Donnisson E, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. Computer-aided design to support fabrication of wrist splints using 3D printing: A feasibility study. Hand Therapy. 2014a; 19(4):102-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758998314544802.
Paterson AMJ, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. A review of existing anatomical data capture methods to support the mass customisation of wrist splints. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 2010; 5(4):201-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2010.528183.
Paterson AMJ, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. Orthotic rehabilitation applications. In: Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Paterson AMJ, editors. Medical modelling: the application of advanced design and rapid prototyping techniques in medicine. New York: Woodhead Publishing; 2014b. p. 283.
Rampal V, Sabourin M, Erdeneshoo E, Koureas G, Seringe R, Wicart P. Closed reduction with traction for developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged between one and five years. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2008; 90(7):858-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B7.20041. PMid:18591592.
Remondino F. From point cloud to surface: the modeling and visualization problem. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2003; 34(5):1-11.
Santili C, Akkari M, Waisberg G, Alcantara T, Abulasan T, Barreto SL, Prado JC. Tratamento incruento das fraturas diafisárias do fêmur nas crianças. Acta Ortopedica Brasileira. 2005; 13(5):249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-78522005000500008.
Schwend RM, Pratt WB, Fultz J. Untreated acetabular dysplasia of the hip in the Navajo. A 34 year case series followup. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999; 364:108-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199907000-00015. PMid:10416399.
Schwend RM. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: global orthopedics. New York: Springer; 2014.
Sony Mobile Communications. [internet]. Sony; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 12]. Available from: http://www.sonymobile.com/global-en/xperia/.
Steps. A parents’ guide to caring for a child in a hip spica cast [internet]. Cheshire: Steps; 2010. [cited 2015 Dec 01]. Available from: http://www.steps-charity.org.uk/How-We-Help/for-babies-and-toddlers.html.
Storer SK, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. American Family Physician. 2006; 74(8):1310-6. PMid:17087424.
Teng JB, Yu CW, Wang YZ, Mu KX. Sonographic detection of unilateral hip dislocation in a spica cast after closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2012; 31(6):827-31. PMid:22644678.
The Royal Children's Hospital Melboure – RCHM. Clinical guidelines: hip spica nursing care [internet]. Victoria: RCHM; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 01]. Available from: http://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Hip_Spica_ Nursing_Care/.
Uras I, Yavuz OY, Uygun M, Yldrm H, Kömürcü M. The efficacy of semirigid hip orthosis in the delayed treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B. 2014, 23(4):339-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000052. PMid:24811088.
Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2001; 9(6):401-11. PMid:11730331.
Wahlen R, Zambelli P. Treatment of the developmental dysplasia of the hip with an abduction brace in children up to 6 months old. Advances in orthopedics. 2015; 2015:ID-103580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/103580. PMid:25815214.
Wilkinson AG, Sherlock DA, Murray GD. The efficacy of the Pavlik harness, the Craig splint and the von Rosen splint in the management of neonatal dysplasia of the hip: a comparative study. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2002; 84(5):716-9. PMid:12188491
Yang S, Quanjun C. Total hip arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip: Review of anatomy, techniques and outcomes. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2012; 3(5):42-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v3.i5.42. PMid:22655221.
Yazdanpanah A, Amoabediny G, Shariatpanahi P, Nourmohammadi J, Tahmasbi M, Mozafari M. Synthesis and characterization of polylactic acid tubular scaffolds with improved mechanical properties for vascular tissue. Engineering Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs. 2014; 28(3):99-105.
Biomecanica e Forense UNIFESP. 3D printing: orthosis for developmental dyplasia of hip [internet]. 2015. [cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: https://youtu.be/EZMblbd7ePM.
Brncick M. Computer automated design and computer automated manufacture. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America. 2000; 1(3):701-13. PMid:10989487.
Ciobanu O, Ciobanu G, Rotariu M. Photogrammetric scanning technique and rapid prototyping used for prostheses and ortheses fabrication. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013a; 371:230-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.371.230.
Ciobanu O, Rotariu M. Photogrammetric scanning and applications in medicine. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 657:579-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.657.579.
Ciobanu O, Xu W, Ciobanu G. The use of 3D scanning and rapid prototyping in medical engineering. Fiability & Durability. 2013b; 1:241-7.
Daines SB, Aronsson DD, Beynnon BD, Sturnick DR, Lisle JW, Naud S. What is the best material for molding casts in children? Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2014; 34(7):743-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000178. PMid:24590347.
DeMaio M, McHale K, Lenhart M, Garland J, McIlvaine C, Rhode M. Plaster: our orthopaedic heritage. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2012; 94(20):e152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00183. PMid:23079886.
Demir SG, Erden S, Bulut H, Carboga B, Elbas NO. The problems experienced by parents providing postoperative home care following their child's surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthopaedic Nursing. 2015; 34(5):280-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000178. PMid:26375837
Dezateux C, Brown J, Arthur R, Karnon J, Parnaby A. Performance, treatment pathways, and effects of alternative policy options for screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in the United Kingdom. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003; 88(9):753-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.9.753. PMid:12937091.
DiFazio R, Vessey J, Zurakowski D, Hresko MT, Matheney T. Incidence of skin complications and associated charges in children treated with hip spica casts for femur fractures. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2011; 31(1):17-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182032075. PMid:21150727.
Dyskin E, Ferrick M. Semirigid abduction bracing is effective treatment of reducible developmental dysplastic hips after failure of Pavlik harness. Annals of Orthopedics & Rheumatology. 2015; 3(2):1045.
Ferreira JV, Thomson JD. Socioeconomic Implications of Spica Casting. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2012; 94(14):e107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00500. PMid:22695991.
Furukawa Y, Ponce J. Accurate camera calibration from multi-view stereo and bundle adjustment. International Journal of Computer Vision. 2009; 84(3):257-268.
Giannatsis J, Dedoussis V. Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2009; 40(1-2):116-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1308-1.
Guarniero R. Displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril: atualização. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2010; 45(2):116-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-36162010000200002.
Halanski M, Noonan KJ. Cast and splint immobilization: complications. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008; 16(1):30-40. PMid:18180390.
Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J. Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003; 23(2):175-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-200303000-00008. PMid:12604946.
Ibrahim DA, Skaggs DL, Choi PD. Abduction Bracing After Pavlik Harness Failure: An Effective Alternative to Closed Reduction and Spica Casting? Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2013; 33(5):536-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e31827d7e2a. PMid:23752152.
Igathinathane C, Davis JD, Purswell JL, Columbus EP. Application of 3D scanned imaging methodology for volume, surface area, and envelope density evaluation of densified biomass. Bioresource Technology. 2010; 101(11):4220-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.140. PMid:20137915.
Jumani MS, Shakil S, Sadiq AS. Fused deposition modelling technique (FDM) for fabrication of custom-made foot orthoses: a cost and benefit analysis. Scientific International (Lahore). 2014; 26(5):2571-6.
Majumdar R, Laxton P, Thuesen A, Nester C, Richards B. Design, development and biomechanical evaluation of a prefabricated anti pronation foot orthosis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2012; 5(Suppl 1):S22-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P22.
Mavroidis C, Ranky RG, Sivak ML, Patritti BL, DiPisa J, Caddle A, Gilhooly K, Govoni L, Sivak S, Lancia M, Drillio R, Bonato P. Patient specific ankle-foot orthoses using rapid prototyping. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2011; 8(1):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-8-1. PMid:21226898.
Milusheva SM, Tosheva EY, Hieu LC, Kouzmanov LV, Zlatov N, Toshev YE. Personalised ankle-foot orthoses design based on reverse engineering. In: Pham DT, Eldukhri EE, Soroka AJ, editors. Proceedings of the 5th Virtual International Conference on Intelligent Production Machines and Systems; 2006 June 10; Sakarya, Turkey. Oxford: Elsevier; 2006. p. 12-14.
Moghaddam MB, Brown TM, Clausen A, Silva T, Ho E, Forrest CR. Outcome analysis after helmet therapy using 3D photogrammetry in patients with deformational plagiocephaly: the role of root mean square. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery; JPRAS. 2014; 67(2):159-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.09.036. PMid:24411583.
Mulpuri K, Song KM, Goldberg MJ, Sevarino K. Detection and nonoperative management of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants up to six months of age. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2015; 23(3):202-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00006. PMid:25656273.
Munhoz R, Moraes CAC, Kunkel ME, Tanaka H. Modelamento tridimensional de órtese para displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril por fotogrametria. In: Proceedings of the XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Biomédica; 2014 Oct 13-17; Uberlândia, Brazil. Uberlândia: CBEB; 2014. p. 1601-4.
Munhoz R, Santos BM, Moraes CAC, Tanaka H, Kunkel ME. Low cost fabrication of orthoses for children's hip through 3D photogrammetry and rapid prototyping. In: Proceedings of the XVI Brazilian Congress of Biomechanics; 2015 May 06-09; Florianópolis, Brazil. Florianópolis: CBB; 2015. p. 1-3.
Noordin S, Umer M, Hafeez K, Nawaz H. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthopedic Reviews. 2010; 2(2):73-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2010.e19. PMid:21808709.
Palousek D, Rosicky J, Koutny D, Stoklasek P, Navrat T. Pilot study of the wrist orthosis design process. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2014; 20(1):27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2012-0027.
Patar A, Jamlus N, Makhtar K, Mahmud J, Komeda T. Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 41:1432-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.332.
Paterson A. Digitisation of the splinting process: exploration and evaluation of a computer aided design approach to support additive manufacture [thesis]. Leicestershire: Loughborough University; 2013.
Paterson AM, Bibb R, Campbell RI, Bingham G. Comparing additive manufacturing technologies for customised wrist splints. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2015; 21(3):230-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-10-2013-0099.
Paterson AM, Donnisson E, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. Computer-aided design to support fabrication of wrist splints using 3D printing: A feasibility study. Hand Therapy. 2014a; 19(4):102-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758998314544802.
Paterson AMJ, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. A review of existing anatomical data capture methods to support the mass customisation of wrist splints. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 2010; 5(4):201-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2010.528183.
Paterson AMJ, Bibb RJ, Campbell RI. Orthotic rehabilitation applications. In: Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Paterson AMJ, editors. Medical modelling: the application of advanced design and rapid prototyping techniques in medicine. New York: Woodhead Publishing; 2014b. p. 283.
Rampal V, Sabourin M, Erdeneshoo E, Koureas G, Seringe R, Wicart P. Closed reduction with traction for developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged between one and five years. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2008; 90(7):858-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B7.20041. PMid:18591592.
Remondino F. From point cloud to surface: the modeling and visualization problem. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2003; 34(5):1-11.
Santili C, Akkari M, Waisberg G, Alcantara T, Abulasan T, Barreto SL, Prado JC. Tratamento incruento das fraturas diafisárias do fêmur nas crianças. Acta Ortopedica Brasileira. 2005; 13(5):249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-78522005000500008.
Schwend RM, Pratt WB, Fultz J. Untreated acetabular dysplasia of the hip in the Navajo. A 34 year case series followup. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999; 364:108-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199907000-00015. PMid:10416399.
Schwend RM. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: global orthopedics. New York: Springer; 2014.
Sony Mobile Communications. [internet]. Sony; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 12]. Available from: http://www.sonymobile.com/global-en/xperia/.
Steps. A parents’ guide to caring for a child in a hip spica cast [internet]. Cheshire: Steps; 2010. [cited 2015 Dec 01]. Available from: http://www.steps-charity.org.uk/How-We-Help/for-babies-and-toddlers.html.
Storer SK, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. American Family Physician. 2006; 74(8):1310-6. PMid:17087424.
Teng JB, Yu CW, Wang YZ, Mu KX. Sonographic detection of unilateral hip dislocation in a spica cast after closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2012; 31(6):827-31. PMid:22644678.
The Royal Children's Hospital Melboure – RCHM. Clinical guidelines: hip spica nursing care [internet]. Victoria: RCHM; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 01]. Available from: http://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Hip_Spica_ Nursing_Care/.
Uras I, Yavuz OY, Uygun M, Yldrm H, Kömürcü M. The efficacy of semirigid hip orthosis in the delayed treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B. 2014, 23(4):339-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000052. PMid:24811088.
Vitale MG, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip from six months to four years of age. J Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2001; 9(6):401-11. PMid:11730331.
Wahlen R, Zambelli P. Treatment of the developmental dysplasia of the hip with an abduction brace in children up to 6 months old. Advances in orthopedics. 2015; 2015:ID-103580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/103580. PMid:25815214.
Wilkinson AG, Sherlock DA, Murray GD. The efficacy of the Pavlik harness, the Craig splint and the von Rosen splint in the management of neonatal dysplasia of the hip: a comparative study. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2002; 84(5):716-9. PMid:12188491
Yang S, Quanjun C. Total hip arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip: Review of anatomy, techniques and outcomes. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2012; 3(5):42-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v3.i5.42. PMid:22655221.
Yazdanpanah A, Amoabediny G, Shariatpanahi P, Nourmohammadi J, Tahmasbi M, Mozafari M. Synthesis and characterization of polylactic acid tubular scaffolds with improved mechanical properties for vascular tissue. Engineering Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs. 2014; 28(3):99-105.
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